Closed source

Closed source code '  - a program whose license does not fit the definition of open source software . Typically, this means that only apply binary (compiled) version of the program and the license implies lack of access to the source code of the program, which makes the creation of the program modifications. Access to the source code to third parties is usually given when signing a nondisclosure agreement .

ON closed-source software is proprietary (proprietary) software.

The phrase "closed source" is ambiguous, as it may imply a license, in which the source code of the programs available. However, if we consider it an antonym of open source, it refers to software that is not covered by the definition of open source software license that has a slightly different meaning.

License Microsoft Shared Source  - an example of the license under which source code is available, but not under an open source license. If closed source understood as software is not covered by the definition of open source software, the Shared Source  - an example of a closed source license.

Chris Stone. Selling Choice: Combining Open And Closed Source Software To Maximize Customer Value, Novell, 2005, ISBN 978-0-672-32736-0
Reliability and Security: Open Source vs. Closed . Number 12, 2005, Open Systems, Publishing House "Open Systems". Retrieved September 1, 2013. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014

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Leyster Judith

Judith Jans Leyster ( Netherl.  Leyster Judith Jans , and Leijster ; July 28, 1609 , Haarlem - February 10, 1660 , Hempstead ) - Dutch artist.

Born in a family of tailors and brewer. In 1633 was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke - Union of Artists of Haarlem. In 1636 she married the artist Molenaer , moved to Amsterdam . Gave birth to five children. The predominant part of her work relates to 1629 - 1635 .

He painted portraits, still lifes, genre painting works, which significantly influence the Frans Hals (there is speculation that Leicester was his pupil) and Caravaggists Utrecht School (G. van Honthorst , H. Terbryuggen ). Became the first woman in the ranks of members of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke. Several of her paintings portray women for domestic employment, which was new to painting 1620-1630-ies.

Judith Leyster work is represented in many major museums in Europe and the United States.

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Tourism in Croatia

Tourism in Croatia . tourism industry in Croatia is well developed and is one of the important components of the Croatian economy.

The main tourist area of the country - the Adriatic coast and numerous islands along the coast, which attracts tourists for its beaches, mild climate and numerous well-preserved old Dalmatian cities. Adriatic Coast - popular among boaters , divers and lovers of windsurfing . The tourist season lasts from the Adriatic to the second half of May to early October. In inland areas of the country are the most popular among tourists capital of Croatia Zagreb , the city of Varazdin with well-preserved Baroque Ensemble and the National Park Plitvice Lakes .

Seven sites in Croatia included in the UNESCO World Heritage List , 15 more are in the preliminary list. The country has organized 8 national parks and 11 natural .

Since the end of the war in Croatia in the 90-ies of XX century up to 2008 inclusive the number of tourists arriving in the country, has grown steadily, and then decreased slightly during the global economic crisis, however, since 2011, growth resumed. In 2012, the country was visited by a record 11.835 million tourists

Istria  - a peninsula in the north of the country, has plenty of attractions of the Roman period and the Middle Ages. Among the most famous objects - Roman amphitheater in Pula , Euphrasian Basilica in Porec , the old town of Rovinj , the smallest city in the world - Hum . In the vicinity of Opatija is a large number of villas of the Austro-Hungarian aristocracy. Developed beach vacation near Porec and Umag . Among the natural attractions - Island Brijuni near the coast and in the coast juts deep Lim channel . Istria is also interesting for its peculiar culture and traditions that are different from the rest of Croatia.

The region stretches from Istria and Rijeka to Sibenik . In the northern part of the bay is Kvarner , whose main tourist destinations - the largest Adriatic island of Krk and Cres and neighboring island of Cres Losinj . Coast in mountainous northern Dalmatia, along it is a large ridge of Velebit national parks North Velebit and Paklenica . Rijeka is located east of the historic region of Gorski Kotar National Park Risnjak . In the southern part of the region's large number of tourists are attracted by the ancient historical city of Zadar , Sibenik and Nin . Among the natural attractions highlights waterfalls in the national park Krka , the islands of Kornati and the island of Pag  - the center of salt production, sheep cheese and lace. Spa vacation developed near Zadar , Vodice , Sibenik , Primosten and on numerous islands.

Center of the region - the second largest city of Split , the main attraction of which - Diocletian's Palace with a variety of objects preserved Roman period. Besides the historic center of Split in the World Heritage List is enabled and the historical part of the nearby Trogir with perfectly preserved medieval ensemble. Central Dalmatia - one of the most popular regions of the country at the beach lovers and boaters. Top destinations - Makarska Riviera , with popular resorts Makarska , Brela , Baska Voda , Tucepi , Podgora and other island of Brac to the resort town of Bol and many smaller resort towns, the island of Hvar . At outdoor enthusiasts are popular mountain hiking on an array of Biokovo and rafting on the river Cetina .

The main attraction of the south - the city of Dubrovnik with its famous historic center. Besides him arouse interest historic center of Korcula on the same island , a national park on the island of Mljet , excursions in Ston and scenic coastal Elaphiti Islands . South Dalmatia is known for its winemaking traditions. On the coast, the islands of Mljet , Korcula and peninsula Peljesac are many resorts on the beaches.

Continental Croatia due to the lack of opportunities for beach recreation attendance less touristy than Dalmatia, but has many cultural and natural attractions. One of the main areas - Zagreb , with many architectural landmarks such as the ensemble of the Upper Town, Zagreb Cathedral , Croatian National Theatre and the famous cemetery Mirogoj . Zagreb is also a large number of museums. Nature Park Medvednica on the eponymous hilly ridge immediately adjacent to Zagreb from the north. Very popular National Park Plitvice Lakes , one of the most visited natural sites throughout the country with cascading waterfalls and scenic lakes in the karst valley. Among other popular tourist sites - the city of Varazdin with plenty of baroque buildings and medieval castles Trakošćan and Veliki Tabor . In central Croatia, a large number of springs of healing thermal waters (toplice), which built and resorts. The most well known and popular sources

The tourism industry in Slavonia is still in its infancy, besides a great number of attractions were destroyed or damaged during the war in the 90s. Major cultural attractions - historical center of Osijek , the historic center Pozega Cathedral in Djakovo castle Pejaczewich in Nasice . Slavonia is interesting for its unique culture, there are many folk festivals, the most famous festival "Dzhakovachki vezovi» (Đakovački vezovi) in Đakovo.

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The problem of the number of rows in the guttural language of Indo-European

The problem of the number of rows in the guttural language PIE  - a scientific problem that arose in the 70s of the XIX century. For a long time scientists could not reach consensus on a number of reconstructed for PIE language series velar .

Believes that in the proto-language was three rows back consonants: palatovelyarny, velar clean labiovelar. This situation takes G. Ascoli , K. Brugman , A. LESQUIN , O. Semereni , F. Fortunatov F. , S. K. Bulich , A. I. Sobolewski , I. Tronsky M. , T. Gamkrelidze , Vyacheslav. Sun Ivanov and others.

A. Meyer , G. Hirt , B. A. The Virgin , V. K. Zhuravlev , A. N. Savchenko recognize only clean and labiovelar velar series, claiming that evolved into palatalized satemnyh second languages. E. Kurilovich and H. Reichelt, in contrast, only accept the existence of palatalized velars and standing on what evolved into labiovelar kentumnyh second languages.

Posits only one row back consonants, different splitting in kentumnyh satemnyh and languages. This concept adhere S. Mladenov and J. Safarevich .

Strictly speaking, the various hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. They may reflect different evolutionary state PIE language. Therefore, a more precise formulation of the question is about the number of rows guttural immediately before the collapse of the Indo-European linguistic unity.

Currently recognized three-row is a hypothesis that has been proven to material Albanian , Luwian and Sanskrit . Albanian preserved traces of all three rows back consonants

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Madrigal

Madrigal ( ital.  Madrigale , from Lat.  matricale  - <essay> native (mother) language [1] ) - a small musical-poetic work, usually lovingly lyrical content.

Madrigal appeared in the era of the early Renaissance ( XIV century ), in poetry, F. Petrarch , J. Boccaccio , Franco Sacchetti , composers of the Italian Ars nova Jacopo Bologna , Francesco Landini and others. In the late Renaissance ( XVI century ) madrigal - polyphonic vocal play usually 4-6 votes (at least on the largest number of votes, up to 10), usually in strophic form. In Italy, XVI century madrigal - the main genre for a variety of creative experimentation composers, especially in the combination of poetry and music (including zvukopisi so-called "madrigalizmov"), theatricality, a place to test new methods of compositional technique, rhythm and shape.

With the revival of interest in early music from the end of the XIX century. writings appear with the name "madrigal" in which composers stylized (using modern techniques of composition ) Italian madrigal XVI century. or only used the word "madrigal" as a sign of exquisite and high lyrical genre ( Faure , P. Hindemith , Stravinsky , Prokofiev , Myaskovsky N. , A. Schnittke , Gyorgy Ligeti , L. Nono ).

In European salon poetry XVII-XVIII centuries madrigal - a small poem written free verse, usually lovingly lyrical content.

In Russia, the genre has been accessed madrigal NM Karamzin, Batyushkov, A. Pushkin (poems addressed to N. Goncharova ), etc.

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Land of Hope and Glory

"Land of Hope and Glory" (a literal translation into Russian. "Land of Hope and Glory" ) - English (sometimes seen as British ) patriotic song, claiming the status of the anthem England [en] . Music was composed by Edward Elgar , and poems by Arthur Christopher Benson

In 1901, Elgar composed the first and most famous march of a series of "Pomp and Circumstance Marches" [en] . King Edward proposed to impose on the music composer words, because I thought that the march will of a great song. Then, when Elgar received an assignment to compose musical composition for the coronation of Edward Benson poet was commissioned to write the word including three stanzas impose on "March number 1." The very first of them later became chorus for "Land of Hope and Glory" [2] .

Due to illness of the new monarch, the coronation was postponed on August 9, 1902, during which time Benson with Elgar created a separate song, which was sung for the first time in 1902, the British singer Clara Butt .

Anthem England [ edit | edit text ]
To date, England has not approved the anthem, and so during sports and other events where the British stand apart from Britain , as the anthem of the most used song "God Save the Queen (King)" . Despite this, there are proposals to change this situation [3] [4] . «Land of Hope and Glory» is one of the leading candidates for the status of the new anthem [5] . According to the poll "Which song should be the anthem of England?" Uptime campaign "Anthem for England" ( Engl.  anthem4england ), "Land of Hope and Glory" took second place after the track "Jerusalem" [6] .

«Land of Hope and Glory» traditionally begins a series of patriotic songs on "Last night" promenade "concerts" (the last concert of the season of this festival of music that is broadcast worldwide)

Despite the fact that the British Conservative Party does not have its official anthem, the Party congresses and conferences often executed «Land of Hope and Glory».

Until 2010 «Land of Hope and Glory» used as a victory song against England at the Commonwealth Games [5] .

April 23, 2010 in St. George's Day Council of England Commonwealth Games [en] was started voting, where participants had to choose which national anthem will be performed in the Commonwealth Games in 2010 [en] in Delhi . Candidates became the anthem of Great Britain "God Save the Queen!», «Land of Hope and Glory» and the song "Jerusalem", which eventually won with a score of 52.5% and became the new winning song of the English team. «Land of Hope and Glory» took second place with 32.5% of the vote

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Novosiltsev, Vladimir Dmitrievich

Vladimir Dmitrievich Novosiltsev ( eighteen hundred - 1825 ) - Adjutant Commander of the 1st Army graph F. V. Sacken , adjutant of Emperor Alexander I .

He was born in 1800 . [1]

Father - Brigadier Dmitry Novosiltsev (1758-1835), mother - Countess Ekaterina Orlova (1770-1849).

He was educated at a Jesuit school in St. Petersburg . Brilliantly manifested itself in school, graduated school course one of the first disciples. Had a penchant for music, played the clarinet ; was a good dancer and fencer on foil . Subsequently, he served in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment of the 1st Army under the command of FV Sacken, adjutant Novosiltsev which was appointed after the promotion of officers. In 1822 was promoted to adjutant , becoming the youngest aide in the retinue of the Emperor Alexander I .

Was fiance pupils Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens Catherine Pakhomovna Chernova, daughter of Major-General Pahom Kondratyevich Chernova - but under pressure from his mother, the former strongly opposed the wedding because of family poverty Chernov, was actually forced to abandon plans for marriage with her, repeatedly shifting the wedding date under various pretexts. Mortally wounded in a duel with liver brother Catherine - Konstantin Chernov Pahomovichem 10 September 1825 in St. Petersburg . Died Sept. 14 from injuries.

Buried in Moscow Novospassky Monastery .

Catherine Novosiltseva in memory of an only son, in whose death she blamed herself, was founded institution "Orlov-Novosiltsevskoe benefaction institution".

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Talk: All

Way will become even more necessary if it is viewed in the structure of natural kassifikatsii obktov. I propose to make a reference to the article "The general concept": See also: [ [1] ] - Znanibus 3:59, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Category: All should have only 8 (or 9?) 9 subcategories by number of spaces Russian Wikipedia . And in these categories should be distributed articles intended. Some existing categories will be renamed using the bot. For example, the category "Wikipedia: Members" to "namespace: Member." Or shorter: "Category: Member." Because the word "Wikipedia" should be only in the name of categories Namespaces "Wikipedia".

Category: All

Category: Article corrected by Category: Articles - Kaganer 18:29, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
Category: Member
Category: Wikipedia
Category: Image has been returned - Kaganer 6:29 p.m., April 7, 2007 (UTC)
Category: MediaWiki has been returned - Kaganer 18:29, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
Category: Template returned as - Kaganer twenty-nine past six p.m., April 7, 2007 (UTC)
Category: Help
Category: Portal corrected by Category: Portals - Kaganer 18:29, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
Category: Category - such subcategories probably not necessary. Participant Udacha 23:36, 15 February 2007 (UTC).
Thank you. - Participant Udacha 16:55, 14 February 2007 (UTC).

Now Category: All consists of only 9-subcategories. - Participant Udacha 14:41, 16 February 2007 (UTC).
Responded Discussion Project: Organizing categories (short: I do not agree with such an approach in general and in particular the proposed nazvaniyamii). - Kaganer 17:05, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

I do not see the similarities. Do English Wikipedia there is such a category or looped path in Wikipedia as an encyclopedia?

So as not loomed in uncategorized categories? Carn !? 17:55, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

And if the article en: The All was used, where it? To the well known paradox allegedly barber Fractaler

It would make sense All category divided into two subcategories (namespace) - namespace for the models (eg, math) and namespace for the corresponding realities Fractaler twelve nineteen, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Why? The existing system is already good, it should not be breaking. Only here the discussion no one sees - with initiatives such as the contact for at least WP: LMC. - Cantor ( O ) 14:14, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

What is this "other categories", "Metakategorii others" and "other categories"? Than "grouping category" differ from "metakategory" why they are not included? "Category: Category-Properties" - db-nn - because only inclusion - "Category: Real" - makes no sense (generality, inclusion criteria). · Carn nine twelve, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Miscellaneous about continuing here . Grouping category - this category "by country", according to the authors, etc. Metakategorii - a more general term that includes such categories-eponyms, which are not grouped. In "Metakategorii" they were not included, because I just recreated it all and did not have time to organize. "Category: Real" community really does not matter, but inclusion criteria she has . About the fact that there is only one element, then it's my mistake: I had to wait until a need for another such category, and only then merge them. - Abc82 twelve forty-seven, July 9, 2010 (UTC)

This category could claim such? Fractaler 3:24 p.m., September 10, 2010 (UTC)

And what? - Abc82 ten forty-nine, September 14, 2010 (UTC)
All - term monolingual dictionaries, and it includes categories like Wikipedia and Basic Space. What do you mean all ? All = the end of everything, or the beginning of the inclusion of all? What with? material and the underworld? So should not start encyclopedia. Fractaler twenty-eight past six p.m., September 14, 2010 (UTC)
Because encyclopedia afterlife does not accept? - Abc82 nine twenty-three, September 15, 2010 (UTC)
This problem is otherworldly. Just a name beginning categories should speak for itself and have. "All" - is not heading the entire hierarchy of categories (many meanings, everyone understands in his own way, so it has the full right to add there all . Fractaler eleven nineteen, September 16, 2010 (UTC)
Did not added here everything you can add? - Abc82 5:46 p.m., September 17, 2010 (UTC) PS Uncategorized outlawed.

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D-Link

D-Link  - a global manufacturer of networking and telecommunications equipment.

In 1994 Datex Systems Inc. changed its name to D-Link Corporation. The company went public and the first among companies involved in telecommunications, began trading shares on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. Now go to the trading exchanges TSEC and NSE.

Major groups produced devices:

Switches Ethernet
Wireless Wi-Fi standard
Family devices xDSL
IP-cameras
Media converters
Routers
Firewalls
Network Adapters
Hardware VoIP
Print Servers
KVM Switches
Modems
Drives NAS , SAN
Equipment GEPON

D-Link devices running specialized OS kernel and Linux , that gives you the right and possibility to change firmware (firmware) and the creation of alternative firmware.

There are some enthusiasts, as well as the development team of alternative embedded software [1] [2] for a number of models of many telecom equipment manufacturers. Some of these consumers firmware are popular, as added functionality of the device, as well as fix bugs more quickly than official support. The list of supported hardware and has a model D-Link. After you change the firmware to an alternative device can be damaged.

D-Link is constantly optimizes software produced devices and provides easy access to new developments through the ftp-server

On the Internet there is a lot of information [4] for configuring equipment D-link, including the manufacturer pays much attention to it. So created a section of frequently asked questions FAQ , where the principle of device settings can understand even a novice user, and if something does not work, then we can discuss any question on our company

Criticism

On the Internet there are sites with consumer criticism of D-Link and its support services. [5]
Buyers D-Link routers sometimes change proprietary firmware to others, such as DD-WRT . [6] [7] [8]
On the Internet, there is information about network problems utroystvo D-Link for the consumer market with proprietary firmware

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Uppsala Astronomical Observatory

Uppsala Astronomical Observatory - Astronomical Observatory , founded in 1741 in Uppsala , Uppsala County , Sweden . Belongs to the University of Uppsala . Is the oldest astronomical observatory in Sweden.

The observatory was founded in 1741 at the University of Uppsala . In the 18th century the observatory worked Anders Celsius and he built the first astronomical pavilion in 1741. Celsius was able to persuade the university consistory buy a large stone house in medieval Central Uppsala. On the roof of the building was undeveloped astronomical observatory. Celsius lived and worked in this building. This observatory was used to build a new observatory in 1853, now known as "old observatory." The building is still under construction at the same place, but the observatory itself was demolished in 1857. In the 19th century Andres Jonas Ångström was the keeper of the observatory and it holds his experiments in astronomy, physics and optics. His son, Knut Angstrom , the observatory also conducted research on solar radiation. In 2000, the Observatory has been merged with the Institute of Space Physics for the formation of the Department of Astronomy and Space Physics and moved to Angstrom laboratory. From 1948 to 2004 was a subsidiary of Uppsala Observatory Observatory Kvistaberg , and has South Uppsala station, located from 1956 to 1980 in the Mount Stromlo Observatory , and since 1980 in the territory of Siding Spring Observatory .

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